@article{88c74ec0c33446c7ad1614f93dc36fc6,
title = "Raman fingerprints of graphene produced by anodic electrochemical exfoliation",
abstract = "Electrochemical exfoliation is one of the most promising methods for scalable production of graphene. However, limited understanding of its Raman spectrum as well as lack of measurement standards for graphene strongly limit its industrial applications. In this work, we show a systematic study of the Raman spectrum of electrochemically exfoliated graphene, produced using different electrolytes and types of solvents in varying amounts. We demonstrate that no information on the thickness can be extracted from the shape of the 2D peak as this type of graphene is defective. Furthermore, the number of defects and the uniformity of the samples strongly depend on the experimental conditions, including postprocessing. Under specific conditions, the formation of short conductive trans-polyacetylene chains has been observed. Our Raman analysis provides guidance for the community on how to get information on defects coming from electrolyte, temperature, and other experimental conditions, by making Raman spectroscopy a powerful metrology tool.",
keywords = "Atomic force microscopy, Electrochemical exfoliation, Graphene, Raman spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy",
author = "Vaiva Nagyte and Kelly, {Daniel J.} and Alexandre Felten and Gennaro Picardi and Shin, {Yu Young} and Adriana Alieva and Worsley, {Robyn E.} and Khaled Parvez and Simone Dehm and Ralph Krupke and Haigh, {Sarah J.} and Antonios Oikonomou and Pollard, {Andrew J.} and Cinzia Casiraghi",
note = "Funding Information: This work is supported by the EPSRC in the framework of the CDT Graphene NOWNANO and the projects EP/K016946/1, EP/P009050/1, and EP/N010345/1. A.J.P., S.J.H., D.J.K., V.N. acknowledge funding from the National Measurement System of the Department of Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, UK. R.W. acknowledges the Hewlett-Packard Company for financial support. AA, GP, SJH and DJK acknowledge support from the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under Grant Agreements 648417 and 715502. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2020 American Chemical Society.",
year = "2020",
month = may,
day = "13",
doi = "10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c00332",
language = "English",
volume = "20",
pages = "3411--3419",
journal = "Nano Letters",
issn = "1530-6984",
publisher = "American Chemical Society",
number = "5",
}