TY - JOUR
T1 - The combined and interactive effects of zinc, temperature, and phosphorus on the structure and functioning of a freshwater community
AU - Van de Perre, Dimitri
AU - Roessink, Ivo
AU - Janssen, Colin R.
AU - Smolders, Erik
AU - De Laender, Frederik
AU - Van den Brink, Paul J.
AU - De Schamphelaere, Karel A.C.
N1 - © 2018 SETAC.
PY - 2018/9/1
Y1 - 2018/9/1
N2 - Ecotoxicological studies mainly consist of single-species experiments evaluating the effects of a single stressor. However, under natural conditions aquatic communities are exposed to a mixture of stressors. The present study aimed to identify how the toxicity of zinc (Zn) is affected by increased temperature and increased phosphorus (P) supply and how these interactions vary among species, functional groups, and community structure and function. Aquatic microcosms were subjected to 3 Zn concentrations (background, no Zn added, and 75 and 300 μg Zn/L), 2 temperatures (16-19 and 21-24 °C), and 2 different P additions (low, 0.02, and high, 0.4 mg P L
-1 wk
-1 ) for 5 wk using a full factorial design. During the study, consistent interactions between Zn and temperature were only rarely found at the species level (4%), but were frequently found at the functional group level (36%), for community structure (100%) and for community function (100%; such as dissolved organic carbon concentrations and total chlorophyll). The majority of the Zn × temperature interactions were observed at 300 μg Zn/L and generally indicated a smaller effect of Zn at higher temperature. Furthermore, no clear indication was found that high P addition by itself significantly affected the overall effects of Zn on the community at any level of organization. Interestingly, though, 90% of all the Zn × temperature interactions observed at the species, group, and community composition level were found under high P addition. Collectively, the results of our study with the model chemical Zn suggest that temperature and phosphorus loading to freshwater systems should be accounted for in risk assessment, because these factors may modify the effects of chemicals on the structure and functioning of aquatic communities, especially at higher levels of biological organization. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2413-2427. © 2018 SETAC.
AB - Ecotoxicological studies mainly consist of single-species experiments evaluating the effects of a single stressor. However, under natural conditions aquatic communities are exposed to a mixture of stressors. The present study aimed to identify how the toxicity of zinc (Zn) is affected by increased temperature and increased phosphorus (P) supply and how these interactions vary among species, functional groups, and community structure and function. Aquatic microcosms were subjected to 3 Zn concentrations (background, no Zn added, and 75 and 300 μg Zn/L), 2 temperatures (16-19 and 21-24 °C), and 2 different P additions (low, 0.02, and high, 0.4 mg P L
-1 wk
-1 ) for 5 wk using a full factorial design. During the study, consistent interactions between Zn and temperature were only rarely found at the species level (4%), but were frequently found at the functional group level (36%), for community structure (100%) and for community function (100%; such as dissolved organic carbon concentrations and total chlorophyll). The majority of the Zn × temperature interactions were observed at 300 μg Zn/L and generally indicated a smaller effect of Zn at higher temperature. Furthermore, no clear indication was found that high P addition by itself significantly affected the overall effects of Zn on the community at any level of organization. Interestingly, though, 90% of all the Zn × temperature interactions observed at the species, group, and community composition level were found under high P addition. Collectively, the results of our study with the model chemical Zn suggest that temperature and phosphorus loading to freshwater systems should be accounted for in risk assessment, because these factors may modify the effects of chemicals on the structure and functioning of aquatic communities, especially at higher levels of biological organization. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2413-2427. © 2018 SETAC.
KW - Climate change
KW - Community-level effects
KW - Ecotoxicology
KW - Freshwater toxicology
KW - Metal toxicity
KW - Plankton
KW - Zinc
KW - Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
KW - Temperature
KW - Risk Assessment
KW - Phosphorus/analysis
KW - Fresh Water/chemistry
KW - Aquatic Organisms/drug effects
KW - Zinc/analysis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85050628915&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1002/etc.4201
DO - 10.1002/etc.4201
M3 - Article
C2 - 29926964
AN - SCOPUS:85050628915
SN - 0730-7268
VL - 37
SP - 2413
EP - 2427
JO - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
JF - Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
IS - 9
ER -