Modélisation mathématique de l'évolution, à long terme, des teneurs en nitrates dans la nappe aquifère des craies du Crétacé de Hesbaye (Belgique)

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Résumé

The Hesbaye area is located in the northeastern part of Belgium. The aquifer formations consist of chalk deposits. Groundwater provides about 80,000 m3 d-1. Despite 5 to 20 meters of superficial loess deposits, the groundwater quality is threatened by increasing nitrate concentrations of 0.35 mg·L-1 per year in the semi-confined part of the aquifer to 0.7 mg·L-1 in the unconfined aquifer. Presently, nitrate concentrations are between 15 and 25 mg·L-1 in the semi-confined part of the aquifer but are more than 35 mg·L-1 (reaching locally 150 mg·L-1) in the unconfined part that covers 95% of the area. Nitrate concentrations have such a high spatial variation that various statistical treatments (such as kriging used to draw iso-concentration maps) have failed. This failure is due to the fact that the concentrations are highly influenced by surface land use (grass land, culture land, villages, point source pollutants, etc.). In addition, nitrate content in the aquifer varies vertically with decreasing values at depth (gradient of 0.7 mg·L-1·m-1 . Aquifer parameters were detemined by 38 pumping and tracer tests conducted in radial convergent or cylindrical flow at 11 sites. Results showed that hydraulic conductivity values ranged from 1 · 10-6 m·s-1 to 4 · 10-2 m·s-1 and effective porosities from 0.5% to 7%, showing that the aquifer was heterogeneous. Dispersivity values were affected by scale effects and varied according to chalk weathering or fracture zones. They ranged from less than 5 m in fractures to more than 60 m in weathered chalk (as in the upper part of the aquifer) and in the chalk matrix. In the chalk, transport processes were influenced by the immobile water effect due to diffusive transfer from the moving to the non-moving fluid. Non-effective porosity filled by non-moving fluid was estimated between 8 to 42%. The transfer constant ranged from 0.98 · 10-7 s-1 to 10 · 10-7 s-1. The determination of the transport parameters allowed simulation of nitrate transport at a regional scale. The SUFT3D (Saturated and Unsaturated Flow and Transport Model), developed by the Hydrogeology Section of the Georesources, Geotechnologies and Building Materials Department of Liege University was used. The modelled groundwater zone was defined as a 2.0 × 4.5 km rectangle of 10 km2. The aquifer was subdivided into 6 layers of 3350 cells (50 × 50 m wide and 3 to 15 m thick). Boundary flow conditions were defined as a prescribed head (Dirichlet conditions) to the north and the south of the area modelled. As the model simulations run for a time period of 30 years, the northern Dirichlet conditions had to be adapted to the regional and seasonal water table fluctuations that were observed during this period. At the south boundary, as the aquifer is drained by the river Geer, the water table is fixed at the river bed altitude. The eastern and western boundaries were, according to the regional piezometry, assumed to be impermeable. For the transport boundary conditions, prescribed flux (Cauchy conditions) was used for the aquifer top. Elsewhere Neumann conditions were used. Simulations were run for the period from 1963 to 1992. Nitrate inputs were averaged yearly and estimated according to actual input conditions. These conditions were calculated by simulation of nitrate flows through the non-saturated part of the aquifer using the EPIC-Model and taking into account the amount of nitrate fertilisers used by farmers (given by the Belgian government Statistical Institute). Initial conditions were calculated according to the 1963 nitrate inputs. Simulations demonstrated that it is important to distinguish the origin of the pollution as either point or non-point (diffuse) sources. For point source pollutants (such as contaminated infiltration basins), aquifer nitrate concentrations increased during low water level periods due to weaker dilution linked with a poor regional water gradient. During high groundwater levels, dilution is more important and the nitrate concentration decreases.

Titre traduit de la contributionGroundwater modelling of the long term evolution of the nitrate content in the Cretaceous chalky aquifer of Hesbaye (Belgium)
langue originaleFrançais
Pages (de - à)3-22
Nombre de pages20
journalRevue des Sciences de l'eau
Volume17
Numéro de publication1
Les DOIs
Etat de la publicationPublié - 2004

mots-clés

  • Chalk
  • Groundwater modelling
  • Hebaye aquifer
  • Immobile water effect
  • Nitrate contamination

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