Data-driven initiatives in Smart cities: citizen participation and value creation

Open data can be considered as Smart City initiative. Both concepts share objectives and the assumption that the citizen will have opportunities to participate in the city governance, the problem solving and the public innovation. But there is a lack of understanding about how the citizens are involved along the process of value creation with open data and for what purpose. In this research, we analyse data-driven initiatives in smart cities that involve citizens and use open or shared data. The preliminary results reveal three orientations or three manners to balance open data and citizen participation inside the initiatives generating shared or social value: the open advocacy orientation, the Civic participation (empowerment) orientation, the Value creation (innovation) orientation.