TY - JOUR
T1 - Interactive effects of environmental microplastics and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) on the earthworm Eisenia andrei
AU - Boughattas, Iteb
AU - Zitouni, Nesrine
AU - Hattab, Sabrine
AU - Mkhinini, Marouane
AU - Missawi, Omayma
AU - Helaoui, Sondes
AU - Mokni, Moncef
AU - Bousserrhine, Noureddine
AU - Banni, Mohamed
N1 - Publisher Copyright:
© 2021 Elsevier B.V.
PY - 2022/2/15
Y1 - 2022/2/15
N2 - Given the wide use of plastic and pesticides in agriculture, microplastics (MP) and the herbicide 2,4 dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acid (2-4-D) can be present simultaneously in soil. Nevertheless, little is known about their combined toxicity. In this study, Eisenia andrei was exposed to environmental MP (100 µg kg-1 soil) and 2,4-D (7 mg kg-1 soil) for 7 and 14 days. Bioaccumulation, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and gene expression level were assessed. Results revealed that MP increased 2,4-D bioaccumulation in earthworms. Simultaneous exposure to both these pollutants caused a significant reduction in lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) and an increase in micronuclei (MNi) frequency. Biochemical analysis revealed oxidative alterations in earthworms exposed to all treatments; being very pronounced in earthworms exposed to the mixture in terms of increase in glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehydes accumulation (MDA). Furthermore, an up-regulation in cat and gst expression level was recorded in worms exposed to single or mixture treatment, except MP in case of gst. Our data highlight the toxicity of the combined exposure to MP and 2,4-D and afford new insights into the potential ecological risks posed by MP in terrestrial ecosystems.
AB - Given the wide use of plastic and pesticides in agriculture, microplastics (MP) and the herbicide 2,4 dichloro-phenoxy-acetic acid (2-4-D) can be present simultaneously in soil. Nevertheless, little is known about their combined toxicity. In this study, Eisenia andrei was exposed to environmental MP (100 µg kg-1 soil) and 2,4-D (7 mg kg-1 soil) for 7 and 14 days. Bioaccumulation, genotoxicity, oxidative stress and gene expression level were assessed. Results revealed that MP increased 2,4-D bioaccumulation in earthworms. Simultaneous exposure to both these pollutants caused a significant reduction in lysosomal membrane stability (LMS) and an increase in micronuclei (MNi) frequency. Biochemical analysis revealed oxidative alterations in earthworms exposed to all treatments; being very pronounced in earthworms exposed to the mixture in terms of increase in glutathione-S-Transferase (GST), catalase (CAT) and malondialdehydes accumulation (MDA). Furthermore, an up-regulation in cat and gst expression level was recorded in worms exposed to single or mixture treatment, except MP in case of gst. Our data highlight the toxicity of the combined exposure to MP and 2,4-D and afford new insights into the potential ecological risks posed by MP in terrestrial ecosystems.
KW - Antioxidant enzymes
KW - Co-exposure
KW - Cytotoxicity
KW - DNA damages
KW - Gene expression
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85118350767&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127578
DO - 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127578
M3 - Article
C2 - 34736209
AN - SCOPUS:85118350767
SN - 0304-3894
VL - 424
JO - Journal of Hazardous Materials
JF - Journal of Hazardous Materials
M1 - 127578
ER -